Pigmentation, Sun Damage, Melasma, Age Spots

Melasma is a complex and chronic skin condition that presents as symmetrical, blotchy patches of brown or grey-brown pigmentation, typically appearing on areas of the face such as the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and chin. These patches result from an overproduction of melanin, the natural pigment responsible for skin colour, by melanocytes located in the outermost layer of the skin. While the condition does not pose any medical danger, it often causes emotional distress and reduced self-confidence, prompting many individuals to seek effective melasma treatment.

The underlying cause of melasma is multifactorial. One of the most significant triggers is sun exposure. Ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulate the melanocytes, exacerbating pigment production and darkening existing patches. Hormonal fluctuations are another major contributor. Melasma frequently develops during pregnancy, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the “mask of pregnancy.” It may also arise in connection with the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. This explains why the condition is considerably more common in women, particularly those of childbearing age. Additionally, certain skincare products, stress, and even genetic predisposition can influence its development and persistence.

Individuals with medium to darker skin tones are particularly prone to melasma. This includes people of Latin American, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent, who tend to have more active melanocytes. In these skin types, melanin is more easily stimulated, making it more likely for pigmentation disorders such as melasma to occur and more challenging to treat effectively. That is why any melasma treatment must be carefully adapted to the patient’s skin type and underlying triggers to achieve meaningful results without causing irritation or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Modern melasma treatment approaches are highly individualised and aim to reduce the appearance of pigmentation while preventing future flare-ups. Professional dermatological treatments often begin with a comprehensive consultation to assess the depth and distribution of pigmentation. Treatments such as microneedling, chemical peels, or laser therapy may be recommended depending on the severity and pattern of the condition. Microneedling, for instance, can support skin regeneration and help active ingredients penetrate more deeply, targeting the pigmented layers of the skin while stimulating collagen production.